雷州半岛尾巨桉人工林树干液流对台风天气的响应

[目的]为正确认识台风对桉树人工林蒸腾耗水的影响。[方法]采用热扩散茎流计对尾巨桉树干液流在台风前后进行连续监测,分析其对台风天气的响应,并同步测定林分气象条件,分析台风过程中树干液流与气象因子之间的相关性。[结果]表明:台风当天,树干液流密度与台风登陆前后(单峰)不同,呈不规律多峰型曲线,树干日均液流密度(2.89 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))较台风前减少53%,夜间液流波动较大;日间最大峰值(7.76 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))出现在下午,峰值较台风前降低55%,树干液流日通量极显著小于台风登陆前后;台风登陆前树干液流密度峰值(17.4 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))及平均液流密度(6.15 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))分别是台风登陆过后的1.24倍和1.14倍,台风后树干液流日通量较台风前均有所下降;台风当天,影响液流的主要气象因子为风速、大气温度、空气湿度、水汽压亏缺和降雨量,液流与风速的相关系数较台风前增大52%,与降雨量的相关系数是台风前的2.6倍,与其他因子的相关系数较台风前均下降了50%左右,而台风登陆前后之间的主要影响因子差异不大。[结论]台风当天的日均液流密度、白天的平均液流密度和日通量均极显著小于台风前后,而夜间液流显著大于台风前后;台风前后的日均液流密度差异不显著,夜间液流台风前显著大于台风后;台风过程中风速成为影响液流的关键因子,与太阳辐射相关性不显著,其他影响因子与台风前后相同,但相关系数除风速和降雨量外均显著下降。     

北京市驻村“第一书记”工作及成效分析——基于第三批54个村的典型案例

自2015年开始,北京市大力选派机关优秀干部到京郊各村镇任“第一书记”,工作成效显著。北京市第三批“第一书记”的工作给进驻的村庄带来了许多新的变化,在驻村工作中,驻村书记重视调查研究和基层党建、加强基础设施建设、注重打造产业品牌和建设特色乡村文化。但是,工作也存在一些问题,比如过于注重经济建设,对村子队伍建设关注度不够;过于依赖派出单位,以致后期村庄的可持续发展动力不足等。因此,建议持续加大乡村治理人才的培养力度、充分发挥市场作用以及让有条件的村庄联动发展等,使“第一书记”的工作更加富有成效。     

新疆恒源煤矿新近系水体采动等级评价

指出了恒源煤矿侏罗系煤系地层基本无水,主要充水水源为新近系独山子组的孔隙-裂隙含水层,但是主井筒开拓时,开始涌水量很小,继续向下开拓时,井筒涌水量超过1000m3/h。计算了煤层两带高度和新近系含水层与下覆煤系地层间距,研究表明:煤系地层与新近系水体间并无直接的水力联系,具体的涌水来源尚无定论,估算矿井的最大涌水量为160.74m3/h,正常涌水量为53.58m3/h。     

农机安全生产“三大”防线探讨

农机的安全生产与农业机械化进程密切相关,关系到人民群众的生命财产安全。构筑农机安全生产"三大"防线是农机安全生产的重要保障。文章对如何落实农机安全生产"三大"防线进行浅要分析。     

滇型杂交粳稻“寻杂29”在水、旱条件下植株性状变化的研究初报

 根据1990～1994年滇型杂交粳稻“寻杂29”水栽和旱种的试验数据和调查资料,从“寻杂29”在水、旱条件下植株性状变化和产量形成的种种差异,论述该品种对不同生态环境的抗逆性和适应能力,初步探索出杂交水稻“寻杂29”旱种的生长发育及其栽培特点,供生产应用参考.     

台风“芭玛”在北部湾迅速加强的特征分析

为了找出台风在北部湾迅速加强环境场的主要影响因子,以积累此类台风预报经验,利用NCEP再分析资料、NOAA日平均海表温度等资料,对台风“芭玛”在北部湾迅速加强过程的环境因子进行研究。结果表明：（1）台风“芭玛”迅速加强的形势场背景为阻塞高压崩溃南压,横槽转竖,南亚高压稳定少动,副热带高压减弱且北侧高压坝崩溃,地面为冷高压;（2）环境风场垂直切变由强切变转为弱切变,最强负垂直螺旋度从中高层开始下沉并调整强度,低层环境大气辐合增强及高层的辐散稳定维持,环境大气不稳定性增强,台风西侧有弱冷空气嵌入,增强的水汽输送以及北部湾海面大于27.5℃的SST,这些是台风快速加强的重要因子。     

急性高温胁迫对大口黑鲈"优鲈3号"肝脏凋亡相关酶活性和基因表达的影响

为了探究急性高温胁迫对大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”凋亡相关酶活性和基因表达的影响,将25℃下暂养的大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”直接放入37℃水环境中,探究急性高温胁迫后幼鱼肝脏组织Caspase3、Caspase9和基因酶活的变化。结果显示:37℃高温胁迫后,肝脏Caspase3和Caspase9酶活均显著升高,且随着胁迫时间的延长呈升高趋势,在48 h达到峰值。基因Caspase3和Caspase9的表达量均呈现先升高再下降的趋势,在6 h的表达量达到峰值,随之下降,并在48 h与对照组无显著性差异。BCL-2的表达量于1 h达到峰值,之后显著下降,48 h时BCL-2的表达量仅为对照组的0.04倍。结果表明,高温胁迫会使大口黑鲈“优鲈3号”幼鱼发生凋亡甚至细胞坏死。     

Diurnal variations in uptake,transport and assimilation of NO3 ‐and efflux of OH‐ in maize plants

Maize plants, grown for 7 and 21 days on a nutrient solution with NO₃ ^‐ as the sole nitrogen source showed a clear diurnal pattern with respect to the in vivo NRA. Especially in roots dark/light fluctuations of the enzyme activity were high. Also in NO₃ ^‐ uptake, OH^‐ efflux and endogenous content of water soluble carbohydrates a diurnal variation was found. The plant age did not significantly affect the daily rhythm.

Because day/night changes of the in vivo root NRA and nitrate uptake were proportional, the relative content of reduced N in the xylem sap of the plants was constant during a day/night interval. At both day 7 and day 21 about 40–50% of the N was transported via the xylem as amino N. As a result of non‐synchronous variation of the specific root and shoot NRA, root reduction capacity showed a great within‐day variation. It varied between 20 and 40% of the whole plant reduction capacity. Since the ratio N‐organic to N‐total in the xylem sap was about 0.5, cycling of organic nitrogen was very likely in these maize plants.     

电子商务视角下天津“小站稻”品牌价值提升策略研究

近年来,农村电商发展迅猛,已成为促进农民增收、扩宽农产品销售渠道、推动农业转型升级的重要力量.但目前,农产品市场基础设施建设水平落后,产品品牌意识薄弱,产品综合质量不高.因此,中国农业需要探索新的发展道路,创新农产品品牌,提升农产品附加值,开拓农业新的发展方式,使农民从互联网中受益.基于此背景,以天津"小站稻"为例,从微观角度出发,在实地调查的基础上,综合运用品牌价值来推广农产品.提出在电子商务视角下,推动天津"小站稻"品牌增值的建议,让农村电子商务成为农村发展的新动力,对推动农业供给侧结构性改革具有深远意义.     

“Fallow Band System,” a land management practice for controlling desertification and improving crop production in the Sahel,West Africa. 1. Effectiveness in desertification control and soil fertility improvement

Wind erosion is a major contributor to desertification in the Sahel. Although three effective countermeasures for wind erosion (i.e. ridging, mulching with post-harvest crop residue, and windbreaks) have been proposed, they are not practical for Sahelian farmers. Therefore, we designed a new land management practice, termed the “Fallow Band System,” which can be used for both controlling wind erosion and improving soil fertility and crop production. This method does not impose additional expense and labor requirements on Sahelian farmers who are economically challenged and have limited manpower. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of this system on wind-erosion control and soil-fertility improvement. We conducted field experiments at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics West and Central Africa and showed that (i) a fallow band can capture 74% of wind-blown soil particles and 58% of wind-blown coarse organic matter, which suggests that it can effectively control wind erosion, (ii) the amount of soil nutrients available for crops in a former fallow band was increased by the decomposition of trapped soil materials containing considerable amounts of nutrients, and (iii) the amount of soil water available for crops in a former fallow band was increased by the trapped wind-blown soil materials through improvement of rainwater infiltration into surface soil. These results lead to the conclusion that the “Fallow Band System” can be useful for preventing desertification and improving soil fertility in the Sahel, West Africa.